Memory - The Short & Long Terms of It
Types of Memory
There are several definitions and types of memory.
Sensory memory pertains to all the things that are going on around you. Those that you choose to give your attention to - even for seconds at a time, are stored in the short term memory. Some researchers believe they are stored for seconds as exact photographs or icons (iconic memory) or even as an auditory echo in our brains (echoic memory). Items are stored for several seconds to as much as 30 seconds in the short term memory.
If we rehearse them - or repeat the information - such as a license plate number or a phone number, it can stay there longer.
Chimp Beat Humans In STM Tasks!
Short Term Memory Loss
Many people have experienced the problem where they run upstairs to retrieve something and by the time they get there - they have already forgotten what it is they were going to do. This is a short term memory issue.
Short term memory loss can be due to many factors. The main reasons are due to:
- damage to the brain
- diseases
- inattention
- stress
Most of the time focusing on something is what is necessary to retain short term memories. If we pay attention to something we will remember it much better. Something that is dramatic or exciting will stay in the memory much better because we were so absorbed with it at the time we learned the information.
I was responsible for a patient in a sleep lab one evening and he had been struck on the head several years prior to our sleep study. The resulting damage was that he was unable to store short term memories. It was one of the longest nights of my career. This man was extremely intelligent and even knew that I was using a water column manometer to measure air pressure. I learned he had been an engineer before he had the head trauma.
Once he suffered the head injury he could no longer form short term memories. Information that had been stored in his long term memory was still there and could be recalled but no matter how simple the task or information that I was trying to relay to him now - it could not be remembered.
I had the same conversation with him over and over again. Mr. Short Term Memory would inform me that he didn't want CPAP, he lived with his cat and the cat didn't care if he snored. The study did not end well, since apnea triggered frequent awakenings, he spent more time telling me the same story than he did sleeping. The study was a bust.
Storage of Information
If we have a stimulus and we focus and pay attention it is much more likely that we will be able to recall the information when we need it. Think of the brain as a giant Rolodex of information on cards. If we want to remember a thing - we must first properly process and encode the information. For example, if information is stored in our long term memory it must have the proper key or tag words for optimal retrieval.
Have you ever studied for a test and you simply can not remember the correct answer to a question you know that you studied for? Many times if you pass up the question and continue the exam, a later question may trigger the answer for you. This is a great example of information that you have stored in your brain but didn't encode as well so when you attempt to retrieve the information - the tag word or the card in the Rolodex were improperly filed in your brain. By exploring other areas you may run across the information if you trigger the correct code word for your brain. For example, the person that is taking the test may come to a question that triggers the answer they thought they had lost. The information is in the brain! You just have to find it sometimes.
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Tips for test takers!
I took a class in college in memory and cognition. I used these tips that I learned to effectively help me study and pass exams with high scores.
- use yellow highlighter on text
- read your notes just before you go to sleep at night (don't cram just read it and focus)
- space out your study sessions and take frequent short breaks (research proves that we remember the information we study at the beginning and end of study sessions, better than the information in the middle)
- rather than having long cram sessions - I found that if I read the information several times while relaxing I could recall the information better
- don't be afraid to ask your instructor what information will be emphasized on the test
- take good notes
- re-write the information or write summaries
- remember things in chunks (four to nine bits of information can be stored in STM at one time)
- visualize information (try to imagine it as a photograph)
- read and say the information aloud (auditory memory)
- listen to music while you study (relax while you study)
- study the most important parts first and add details as you go
- make sure you understand the information well
- if you are having problems associate a rhyme or tag word
- sing the information into lyrics you can remember (try not to sing out loud during the test!)
- always sleep well before and exam and try to arrive early so you can read over your notes while you relax just before the test
- leave the answers you are not sure about blank and go through it a second time filling in the bits that you may have been reminded of while reading later questions
It has been found that we forget 90% of the information we learned in class within 90 days.
If you follow all these steps you are sure to commit your information from short to long term memories that could last a lifetime! If you studied the information then it is there - you just have to make sure that you can remember the correct word that will trigger the que card in your brain.
Test Your Memory
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This Hub was last updated on September 27, 2012
Follow (20)Comments 76 comments
Good pointers! Good job!
I would qualify the music with listening to INSTRUMENTAL music--not music with singing, which could distract you into singing along, or at least listenting to the words, instead of focusing on what you need to study.
At age 63, I'm having more frequent episodes of "What the heck did I come into the kitchen for?" or "Where did I put that key?"
In the first case, it often helps to return to where you were when you thought of what you needed from the other room.
In the second case, when I really need to remember where I put something important, as I place it, I say aloud, "Marker." It is simply a trick to force me to focus on that item at that moment. I am mentally and orally placing a 'marker' to that item. Usually, it helps.
Voted up, useful and interesting.
Awesome. I appreciate the development of this hub and the direction it takes the reader. Smoothly transitioning from cause to effect to proactive or preventative maintenance (as termed in the auto repair industry) the reader gains understanding.
Wow! Plus it opens so many more doors to opportunities - sleep deprivation and memory affect, stress and memory affect, etc. Mom's are experts at this I would think, parents for sure.
Thank you for sharing an intriguing hub written from experience, understanding, and acknowledgement. And, the comments above are awesome too! Talking about short term memory I got a poem in mind and don't want it to slip away - smile (yes and have fun, fun, fun, , , )
Excellent Hub RHW!
Memory is...I forgot what to write now..! Oh!, It is a tool for all of our work at HP. Our liking of History has to deal with lots of memories. Thanks for Sharing!
LORD
This is a great hub, and your tips for studying are really useful. A friend of mine works as a study coach and your suggestions are very similar to hers. I haven’t had to sit an exam since I left school as all the college classes I took were continuous assessment, but my kids get a lot of tests, so it I’m bookmarking this for them.
Wonderful hub and excellent tips. I love the idea of singing or developing lyrics. I remember that's how I had to learn the order and classification living things.... "Kingdom, Phylum...etc." for a science class. It worked:)
I really got interested in your tips on taking tests. These tips are beneficial to us as we prepare for any lecture.
I want to share these tips with my children who are giving many exams these days.
This is great information - it seems like the people on TV who have perfect recall do have a way to store the information better - you can almost see their brains working as you watch them. My filing system in my brain is as disorganized as the filing system in real life. These are good pointers.
Very detailed and informative hub which I found very interesting. I may check out some of these as I have a memory like a sieve! I often go into the supermarket and forget what I am there for. I write things down to remind me, and then forget to take the list. I often wander round the house and forget why I went into the room! My family think I am nuts, but after reading your hub, I am putting it down to stress! Lol. Great advice here. Bookmarked for my daughter as your exam tips are fantastic. Voted up - useful, interesting and awesome.
Another tip I learned in college. If you drink coffee during your study time, you should also drink coffee for the test. (from some study or other). Worked for me.
Excellent hub RH! Studying for exams I used most of what you have listed here. The only one, for some reason could not do was listen to music while I studied. I needed peace and quiet or I could not concentrate. My sister in law has a photogenic mind and I've always thought that would be so cool to have, especially when it came to school.
I too go to do something and then go What am I here for. Drives me nuts. I just hope that this doesn't get worse as I get older.
I have a friend that suffers from short term memory loss. She is really bad though. After alcohol abuse and rehab she can no longer remember what has happened in her life two weeks past anything. I spoke with her on the phone after not talking to her for many years. She was ecstatic to hear from me. Then I called her two weeks later and it was like she had not talked to me in years.
Very interesting... I remember when I was studying massage therapy... I would commit the oral tests to memory for an hour or so before the test. I usually scored 100 on the 20 question oral exam. However, I know I didn't commit a lot of the information to long term because as soon as the test was over... I couldn't remember a darn thing! :)
What was that I said again. Oh yeah - I used to study....
A very interesting and informative hub. The tips would be very useful to any student studying for exams so perhaps you might consider writing a hub specifically for students on how to study effectively.
The mind is like a lump of clay in our hands and we are the artists that mould it by the thoughts we choose to dwell upon. However physical damage to the brain cuts the hands off the sculptor as in the case of Mr short Term Memory. Most people use memory inappropriately to anchor them in the past and that is why their future is a mirror of their past. To make changes we must use the memory to heal by choosing to interpret in a positive way what happened in the past and spend more time in the present.
Thanks for another great hub.
Nice article realHousewife!
I specially liked
"For example, if information is stored in our long term memory it must have the proper key or tag words for optimal retrieval."
Indeed often even after days suddenly that key clicks and u start wondering "why could I not remember earlier."
I'll be showing my son the test tips in your hub, he could do with the advice!!
It is comforting to know that others too have 'those' forgetful moments. It makes life interesting.
An interesting hub, thank you.
Excellent hub about short and long term memory. The tips how to study - utilize memory effectively - are superb. I 'cannot remember' if you've mentioned that listening to video recordings of your summaries (made by yourself) is also an effective way of memorizing information.
Voted up and very well explained.
Hi Real...its funny how we can remember the words to a song we haven't heard in years the minute it comes on the radio but going into the kitchen to retrieve something and once there, I can't remember a thing. Getting older doesn't help the memory situation either. Great and informative hub.
This is a timely Hub :) I have had such a difficult time focusing and remembering anything lately. I think it has to do with stress and the fact that I have too much going on at once. So my first job right now is to make a list to prioritize and then toss the last half of the list :) You always put together such great Hubs RHW. The story about the sleep study reminds me of a man I work with. He fractured his skull in 3 places in a crash. He is VERY bright but cannot remember anything I train him on for the job. I try to be patient but HE gets frustrated first. I finally wrote down EVERYTHING and we get along much better now hahah
I'm in that short term memory place right now, but not all the time. When going into a room and forget why, I stay put for a minute and think hard and whatever it is I want comes back, whew. Voted up interesting and useful, Joyce.
RHW - Dammit! I forgot what I was going to say. LMAO
Great writing and research.
The Frog
Thank you for this information. It is not fun to go through that short term memory thing. I love the tips you share for taking tests and will be sharing them with a few teenagers I know need help with remembering questions for tests.
This is great - full of useful information. I try and instill some of these in my pupils but they still believe they 'work best under pressure' and will pass easily if they cram the night before an exam. Glad to see I'm not talking nonsense!
Voted up, useful and awesome. Shared too!
These are excellent memory tips. Kelly, for storing short term memory for test-taking. Students - and teachers - everywhere will be singing your praises. If they can remember your name, that is.
When I was young - eons ago - I possessed eidetic imagery: the ability to see an entire page from a book in my mind. Very useful for taking tests and remembering folks' names. Now in order to best remember stuff, I try to see it, hear it if possible, visualize it and write it. I know that the more senses that are involved, the easier it is to retain information.
Thanks for these ...
Interesting hub! Listening to music always helped me, although some argued it had to be totally quiet. Hated studying in the library just for that reason. Even now when I do research for my articles, I enjoy having music playing some times quite loud. Have to use headphones. I seem to remember better...
Good info with the breakdown on short and longterm memory Kelly. Quite interesting with your patient also. Too bad it was a bust, he sounds kinda stubborn in addition to the short term prob. About finding info; thats like trying to remember a persons name but it just wont come no matter how hard you think on it but soon as give up the name pops up in your mind later.:)
Hey RHW,
I used those same tips for my tests and would still forget my stuff within 90 days...lol
But on serious note, Kelly I think the subconscious mind captured the data and it's somewhere floating in the brain. Thus, when I read stuff of high school...My eyes pop out and my fingers tap saying, "I read this somewhere" :))
wonderful hub...voted up as useful
A great hub with some really goos tips.
I often go into another room and forget why or open the fridge and stand waiting for something to jump out at me. Lol
My partner laughs at me, I will ask him something and he will answer 'I told you yesterday' but that was 24 hours ago dear...
I find the best way to remember things is to write them down or send myself an email reminder.
RHW those were some great tips on test taking. I have used all of them when I was in college except for the 'listening to music' only because I love music and it would have been a distraction for me. I think I was a great test taker and I never crammed. On many occasions I ended up being the center of focus in my study groups and I'm certain it was because of the way I retained what we were studying. I had a way of being able to clear my mind of everything except for what was needed. It was a practice of discipline that picked up from being in the military. I had a ritual of sorts before each test. I would go on a 10 mile run which gave me all the time I needed to focus on the task. I taught this ritual to many of my dorm mates and it worked well for them too. I graduated with a 3.8 GPA so I must have done something right. Discipline and focus were the key but if you didn't pay attention in class or take good notes then you don't have much to rely on.
RealHousewife - Hi Kelly, I have to agree with Mel and many of the others. Your study/test taking tips are really good. I spend quite a bit of time teaching reading skills and test taking strategies. It is so important to learn how to pick out the important points. We tend to remember it better.
I LOVED your Rolodex analogy! Another question and response can easily trigger the memory for a previous question.
I noticed you talked about note taking. I used to re-write my notes several times. Once I could write them from memory I knew I had learned it. I once learned that if you can read it, write it, say it and then teach it...you have learned it. Makes sense.
Great hub! I really liked it.
Voted up and across! Bookmarking too!
Heck, I'll even pin it to my pinterest board :)
when i was in high school i discovered that memorizing is not what works. what worked is when i try to understand what i am reading. it is more fun and easy.
my daughter detests putting marks on books. she finds it unnecessary because books for her are sacred. :-D
I forgot what I was going to say. Oh well....good Hub!
haha... Now I want to go and watch finding nemo! I knew the great test taking skills (one of my teachers in high school taught them to us in the beginning of the year for every class she taught and I had her a couple of times. She would always say before a test, good skill and if you don't have the skill good luck. ) but I know little about memory otherwise. I found this just fascinating! I loved the Chimp!!! Great job and great information!
Hey Kel ~ You know, I always love the titles to your articles. You have a way of bringing the reader in from the start. And then it just gets better from there. This is great information and wonderful tips. I believe I do have a kind of Rolodex in my brain. I just haven't figured out who it is that goes in there and messes with the tabs.
Sharyn
Hi Kelly. This is an interesting hub. I agree if we ain't listening or focussing on the info, it is difficult to retain it. I love your tips for taking tests.
I remember being told as a child that whatever we repeat 30 times gets committed to memory. It sure did work and help me while I was studying.
Another aspect I appreciate is to correlate the info we need to remember with a code. As an example, I'm bad with remembering names of some people, so I found a good way to remember them by correlating their faces with something or someone that instantly reminds me of their names.
Voted up, useful and interesting.
Shared.
What a story about a guy who was an engineer, then lost his short term memory. It brings back a personal journey...I was in a coma 2 years ago today. As a result, I have some patchy moments of memory loss of three months prior. I had temporary amnesia. Anyway, you did a great job writing this piece. I am sorry it was one of the hardest nights of your carr\eer. I am intrigued though
This is so interesting. It makes sense that head trauma affects short-term memory, as it is also one of the risk factors for developing dementia and Alzheimer's later in life. Thanks for the hub. great info!!!!!
Excellent!! very interesting and informative hub. Voted up
Thanks for this hub,
It is full of useful information. I try and instill some of these in my pupils but they still believe they 'work best under pressure' and will pass easily if they cram the night before an exam. Glad to see I'm not talking nonsense!
Best regards, ATYQ
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melbel 15 months ago Level 1 Commenter
Wow your tips on taking tests are so good, you could have an entire hub dedicated to THAT! I'll have to keep these in mind, I'm a little rusty in the whole school thing.
You really seem to know a TON about sleep, which you've shared a bit when we chatted on fb. My whole family has a whole slew of sleep disorders that I know so little about. I wonder if it really messes with our memory. We joke that my mom is senile, but she's too young for it. She forgets everything and has blonde moments. She's an insomniac like me, except I have been known to sleep walk from time to time. I don't think I have problems with my memory, but I think, like anyone, that improving it would be nice.
My brother has a sleep disorder that requires him to be on an oxygen machine while he sleeps. My dad has frequent nightmares and my sister has these vivid, long epic dreams.
Great hub, really got me thinking! :)